vulkan: Add perf logger mode with concurrency (#17944)

vulkan: Add perf logger mode with concurrency (#17944)

This implements a variation of the perf logger where rather than timing each
operation individually with effectively a barrier in between, we put the
timing boundaries where we already synchronize and time the groups of work
that normally overlap. This can be useful to help understand whether
individual operations need to be optimized, or if the group is already running
efficiently.

GGML_VK_PERF_LOGGER_CONCURRENT=1 enables the new mode (when
GGML_VK_PERF_LOGGER is also set).

GGML_VK_SYNC_LOGGER=1 replaces the ENABLE_SYNC_LOGGING compile time switch.