CUDA: Improve performance via less synchronizations between token (#17795)

CUDA:  Improve performance via less synchronizations between token (#17795)

* Adds CPU-to-CUDA copy capability to
ggml_backend_cuda_cpy_tensor_async()

* Adds function to relax sync requirements between input copies on
supported backends (CUDA for now)

* Exchanges synchronous copy with async copy function.

* Adds macro guards to allow compilation in non-CUDA builds

* Reworked backend detection in ggml-backend.cpp to avoid linking
conflicts

* Relax requirement of checks in async CUDA copies from backend and buffer type to just buffer type, to avoid linking issues

* Minor cleanup

* Makes opt-in to relax use of explicit syncs more general. Backends like
vulkan which require a synchronization between HtoD copies and graph
execution could also adopt this change now.

* Reintroduces stricter check for CPU->CUDA backend async copy via
GGML_DEVICE_TYPE_CPU.

* Corrects initialization of ggml_backend_sync_mode in
ggml_backend_sched_split initialization

* Simplifies synchronizations to adhere to `saaasg` pattern.

* Apply suggestion from @ggerganov (src->buffer to buf_src)

Co-authored-by: Georgi Gerganov <redacted>
* Apply suggestion from @ggerganov (src->buffer to buf_src) v2

Co-authored-by: Georgi Gerganov <redacted>
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Co-authored-by: Georgi Gerganov <redacted>